Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia leading to multiple comorbidities and cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Several controversies and questions always existed in the management of AF: the clinical significance of earlier detection of AF, importance of the duration and burden of AF, optimal rate control, rate and rhythm control controversies, stroke prevention strategies, cardioversion in AF less than 48 hours without prior anticoagulation, inadequate stroke risk assessment with current AF stroke risk calculators, dilemma of using class 1C antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) in patients with AF with coronary artery disease (CAD), and when and how to perform catheter based AF ablation, etc. Recent knowledge from multiple observational, prospective and randomized control trials (RCTs) have helped us reshape our understanding in those areas to better treat those patients with tailored approaches taking into consideration of individual stroke and bleeding risk assessments.